Understanding Vec allocation strategies is crucial for writing performant Rust code, especially when dealing with collections and iterators.

Key Differences

`Vec::new()`	`Vec::with_capacity(n)`
Creates an empty Vec with no pre-allocated space	Creates an empty Vec with space for n elements
Initial capacity is 0 (allocates on first push)	Initial capacity is exactly n (no early allocations)
Grows dynamically (may reallocate multiple times)	Avoids reallocation until len() > n

When to Use Each

Use Vec::new() when:

The number of elements is unknown or small
You want simplicity (e.g., short-lived vectors)

let mut v = Vec::new(); // Good for ad-hoc usage
v.push(1);

Use Vec::with_capacity(n) when:

You know the exact or maximum number of elements upfront
Optimizing for performance (avoids reallocations)

let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(1000); // Pre-allocate for 1000 items
for i in 0..1000 {
    v.push(i); // No reallocation happens
}

Performance Impact

Vec::new() may trigger multiple reallocations as it grows (e.g., starts at 0, then 4, 8, 16, ...). Vec::with_capacity(n) guarantees one allocation upfront (if n is correct).

Example Benchmark

use std::time::Instant;

fn main() {
    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut v1 = Vec::new();
    for i in 0..1_000_000 {
        v1.push(i); // Reallocates ~20 times
    }
    println!("Vec::new(): {:?}", start.elapsed());

    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(1_000_000);
    for i in 0..1_000_000 {
        v2.push(i); // No reallocations
    }
    println!("Vec::with_capacity(): {:?}", start.elapsed());
}

Output (typical):

Vec::new(): 1.2ms
Vec::with_capacity(): 0.3ms  // 4x faster

Advanced Notes

shrink_to_fit(): Reduces excess capacity (e.g., after removing elements)
vec![] macro: Uses with_capacity implicitly for literals (e.g., vec![1, 2, 3])

Key Takeaways

✅ Default to Vec::new() for simplicity.
✅ Use with_capacity(n) when:

You know the size upfront
Performance is critical (e.g., hot loops)

Try This: What happens if you push beyond the pre-allocated capacity?
Answer: The Vec grows automatically (like Vec::new()), but only after exceeding n.

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Rust Vec::new() vs. with_capacity(): When to Use Each